by P. Compère
This key is mainly based on Krammer & Lange Bertalot 1986-1991, Round et al. 1990, Rumeau & Coste 1988 and some other recent papers (see references). The numbers after names of genera not recognized in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1986-1991 refer to the notes at the end of the key. For the pennate diatoms the system followed at the family level is that of the "Süßwasserflora" (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1986-91). Considering the state of flux of the current taxonomy and nomenclature of diatoms, especially at the rank of genus, this key can only be a provisional one and the author will be thankful for any improvements suggested by users of the key.
This key is also available in French to the following address: http://perso.club-internet.fr/clci/ADLaF_Cle_des_genres.htm
* Araphideae
* Raphidioideae
* Monoraphideae
* Biraphideae
Families:
¤ Naviculaceae
¤ Epithemiaceae
¤ Bacillariaceae
¤ Surirellaceae
3. Cylindrical cells provided with long valve mantles,
connected by the valve faces and forming long filaments 4
Cells generally solitary, rarely forming short chains; mantle shorter
8
4. Frustules weakly sillicified; external openings of
the marginal strutted processes provided with elongated tubes Skeletonema
Frustules more strongly silicified 5
5. Valve face displaying an ornamentation of the centre
different from that of the margin 6
Valve face apparently smooth or with the same kind of ornamentation
on the whole surface 7
6. Ornamentation of the valve face made of radiating
rows of areolae towards the margin and of a few large circular tube processes
in the centre; interlocating spines at the junction of the valve face and
the mantle Orthoseira
Valve face ornamented with radiating ribs near the margin and irregular
small dots in the centre, without central processes Ellerbeckia
7. Ornamentation on the mantle very faint, often invisible
Melosira
Mantle ornamented with distinct rows of areolae Aulacoseira
8.(3) Valve face provided with 2-4 large ocelli Pleurosira
Valve face without ocelli 9
9. A pseudonodulus, sometimes indistinct, on the valve;
only labiate processes (rimoportulae) present Actinocyclus
Pseudonodulus lacking; labiate and strutted processes (fultoportulae)
present 10
10. Ornamentation of the valve surface in central area
clearly different from that of the marginal area; external opening of marginal
fultoportulae generally not prolongated in an open tube Cyclotella
Ornamentation of the valve surface in central area not different from
that of the marginal area 11
11. Ornamentation of the valve surface made of radial
rows of areolae (striae) or of radial ribs (costae), from the centre to
the margin 12
Ornamentation of the valve surface divided into radial sectors or made
of areolae organized in linear or excentric patterns; cells often united
by threads in loose chains or in irregular mucilaginous colonies Thalassiosira
12. Ornamentation of strong radial ribs alternating
with rows of areolae; marginal spinae lacking Stephanocostis
No strong radial ribs; marginal spinae often present 13
13. External opening of the rimoportulae provided with
an elongated tube; fascicles or rows of areolae not separated by marginal
ribs on the internal part of the valve Stephanodiscus
External opening of the rimoportulae without tube; fascicles or rows
of areolae separated by internal ribs in the marginal area Cyclostephanos
14. (2) Frustule generally seen in girdle view, rather
weakly silicified, provided with many intercalary bands and imbrication
lines 15
Frustule normally silicified, without this type of girdle 16
15. Cells provided with a long spine at each end Urosolenia
(1)
Cells provided by two spines at each end Acanthoceras
16. Valve view 3- or 6-angular, tropical forms Hydrosera
(2)
Valve view elliptical 17
17. Valve provided with long narrow hollow setae projecting
laterally from the valve surface Chaetoceros
Valve margin strongly undulate; valve face divided by several internal
transversal ribs; tropical forms Terpsinoë (2)
19. Raphe present on both valves, but short and limited
to the poles, often more developped on the mantle (Raphidioideae
37)
Raphe present on one or both valves, extending generally on most of
the length of the valve 20
20. One valve of a frustule bearing a true raphe, the
other provided with a longitudinal axial hyaline area (pseudoraphe) (Monoraphideae
39)
Both valves of the frustule bearing a true raphe (Biraphideae
48)
22. Valve provided with strong transapical costae Tetracyclus
Valve without transapical costae Tabellaria
23. Valve provided with transapical costae and transapical
striae 24
Valve provided with transapical striae only, without costae 25
24. Heteropolar frustules (one pole wider than the
other), united in semi-circular or fan-shaped colonies Meridion
Isopolar frustules (both poles more or less equal), united in zig-zag
or ribbon colonies Diatoma
25. Valve triangular in face view 26
Valve bipolar in face view 27
26. Valve stellate, provided with long arms Centronella(3)
Valve triangular, provided with short arms or angles Staurosira
p.p.(4)
27. Valve heteropolar, one pole wider than the other
28
Valve isopolar, both poles similar or scarcely different 29
28. Elongated cells, united in stellate planktonic
colonies Asterionella
Cells solitary, less markedly elongated, never in stellate planktonic
colonies Martyana(5)
29. Longitudinal axis curved 30
Longitudinal axis straight 32
30. Striae not interrupted by a pseudoraphe in valve
view Semiorbis(6)
Striae interrupted by a pseudoraphe in valve view 31
31. Hyaline central area unilateral, reaching the margin
on one side of the valve Hannaea(7)
Hyaline central area otherwise, not unilateral, not reaching the margin
of the valve Fragilaria p.p.
32. Striae made of alveoli partially closed on the
inner side (in SEM); marine or brackish diatom Synedra(8)
Striae never formed of partially closed alveoli 33
33. Areolae or alveoli closed by a complex cribrum
on the external side 34
Areolae rounded, elliptical or slit-like, generally in simple rows
35
34. Areolae more or less rectangular, in transapical
and longitudinal rows; pseudoraphe narrow; conspicuous central area, reaching
the margin on both sides Ctenophora(9)
Alveoli transversely elongate; striae short; pseudoraphe generally
wide; no central area Tabularia(10)
35. One or two rimoportulae (labiate process) on each
valve; areolae simple, rounded or more or less elongated 36
Valve always without rimoportulae Staurosira(11)
36. Two rimoportulae (one near each apex) on each valve,
girdle bands closed, cells solitary or united by their poles in fascicles
Fragilaria
subgen. Alterasynedra(12)
Generally one rimoportula on each valve, near one pole; girdle bands
open, cells united by their valve faces in long chains Fragilaria
subgen. Fragilaria (13)
38. Cells isopolar (in some populations some individuals
may be heteropolar)
Eunotia
Cells heteropolar (all the cells of a population) Actinella
40. Longitudinal axis evenly curved or straight; both
valves of the same frustule often diversely ornamented; valvocopula of
the raphevalve often bearing projections uniting it with the valve surface;
cells generally epiphytes and fixed by the raphevalve Cocconeis
Longitudinal axis angularly bent in the middle part; cells often fixed
to the substrate by short gelatinous stalks 41
41. Ornamentation rather coarse, areolae occluded by
complex cribra; girdle bands bearing one or two rows of large areolae;
pseudoraphe often displaced towards a margin; raphe straight Achnanthes
Ornamentation less coarse; striae uniseriate to multiseriate, formed
by simple poroids; girdle bands narrow, non punctate; raphe straight or
sigmoid 42
42. Raphe and axial area sigmoid Eucocconeis(15)
Raphe and axial area straight 43
43. Raphe valve convex; valve oval-elliptic; cells
generally adnate to sand grains by the valve face Psammothidium(16)
Raphe valve concave or plane 44
44. Striae made of 2 to several rows of punctae (SEM);
sometimes a horseshoe-shaped area on the rapheless valve 45
Striae made of one row of areolae; no horseshoe-shaped area on the
rapheless valve 46
45. Striae made of 2 rows of punctae; no horseshoe-shaped
area on the rapheless valve Lemnicola(17)
Striae made of 3 to several rows of striae; rapheless valve often provided
with a horseshoe-shaped area Planothidium(18)
47. Areolae elongated and separated, few in each stria
Kolbesia(20)
Areolae more rounded, more numerous in the striae, covered by cribra
internally Karayevia(20)
49. Valves without a keel; no alar canals (Epithemiaceae
120)
Valves provided with a keel 50
50. Canal raphe marginal and circular, all around the
valve, in the mantle margin (Surirellaceae 130)
Canal raphe median, in the longitudinal axis or marginal on one side
of the valve 51
51. Canal raphe median, sigmoid, on a raised keel forming
a wing; central nodule present Entomoneis(21)
Canal raphe marginal, less often median, but then straight, not sigmoid;
keel not raised in wings (Bacillariaceae 122)
53. Valves asymmetrical with regard to both the longitudinal
and transapical axes, heteropolar Gomphocymbella
Valves asymmetrical with regard to only one axis 54
54. Valves heteropolar, wider at the head pole 55
Valves isopolar; ventral side differently shaped than the dorsal one
59
55. Raphe reduced, rudimentary or almost absent on
one valve 56
Raphe equally developped on both valves 57
56. Frustule straight in girdle view; raphe branches
short on one valve, rudimentary to absent on the other one Peronia
(14)
Frustule bent in girdle view; raphe branches well developped on one
valve, reduced on the other one Rhoicosphenia (22)
57. Striae made of alveoli, at least partially closed
on the inner side so that a longitudinal line crossing the striae can be
seen in girdle or valve view Gomphoneis
Striae never made of closed alveoli; no longitudinal lines crossing
the striae 58
58. Both poles generally capitate; both terminal fissures
of the raphe similarly deflected; striae made of large rectangular areolae
Didymosphaenia
Poles generally not capitate or only the head-pole capitate; terminal
fissures of the raphe generally different; striae made of smaller rounded
or reniform poroids Gomphonema
59. (54) Frustule in girdle view elliptic, showing
the raphe system of both valves on the same side; valves strongly arched,
with a much more developped mantle on the dorsal side; intercalary bands
often numerous 60. Amphora
Frustule in girdle view more or less rectangular; valve face flat,
not strongly arched 62
60. Girdle without intercalary bands Amphora
subgen. Amphora
Intercalary bands numerous 61
61. Valve poles generally rostrate or capitate Amphora
subgen.
Halamphora
Valve poles acute, not rostrate; ventral side very narrow (one species
in brackish to fresh water) Amphora subgen. Oxyamphora
62. Ventral margin undulate, with a more or less prominent
central swelling devoid of striae; central raphe endings straight Reimeria
(23)
Ventral margin different; central raphe endings deflected ventrally
or dorsally 63
63. Central raphe endings deflected dorsally; stigmoid(s)
on the dorsal side when presents 64
Central raphe endings deflected ventrally; stigma(s) on the ventral
side when present 68
64. Terminal raphe endings also dorsally deflected;
striae made of lineolae, opening externally by narrow slits Navicella(24)
Terminal raphe endings ventrally deflected 65
65. Cells forming " developed chains, provided with
linking spines at the margin of the valve faces, hardly dorsiventral Pseudencyonema(24)
Cells solitary, in colonial mucus or in mucilaginous tubes 66
66. Cells generally dorsiventral, often colonial in
mucus or in mucilagenous tubes; stigmoid(s) often present Encyonema(25)
Cells solitary, without stigma or stigmoid 67
67. Cells clearly dorsiventral Cymbellopsis(24)
Cells naviculoid or hardly dorsiventral Encyonopsis(24)
68. Cells generally dorsiventral, provided with mucilaginous
stalk and apical pore field; one or several stigma(s) on the ventral side
Cymbella(25)
Cells solitary, naviculoid or hardly dorsiventral; no stigma Cymbopleura(25)
69. (52) Girdle-bands provided with conspicuous septa
70
Girdle without septa (pseudosepta sometimes present on the valve) 71
70. Girdle provided with one or several marginal chambers
(loculi) Mastogloia
Girdle bearing a massive septum provided with three lobes, one in the
middle and one at each pole Diatomella
71. Valves or central area and raphe sigmoid 72
Neither valves nor central area and raphe sigmoid 75
72. Valves non sigmoid; raphe oblique and sigmoid 73
Valves and raphe sigmoid 74
73. Raphe raised on a keel; cell strongly twisted,
8-shaped in girdle view Entomomeis (21)
Raphe not raised on a keel Scoliopleura (26)
74. Areolae arranged in two striae systems perpendicular
to each other (transapical and longitudinal striae) Gyrosigma
Areolae arranged in three striae systems (one transapical and two oblique
systems of striae) Pleurosigma
75. Raphe raised on a keel which becomes lower in the
middle of the valve Plagiotropis
Raphe not raised on a keel 76
76. Raphe reduced to a short slit near the poles, often
only visible in the SEM; often chain-forming, provided with marginal spines
Frankophila(27)
Raphe normally developped (but see also Diadesmis and Nupela)
77
77. One or several prominent siliceous longitudinal
ribs on the valve, dividing the striae in two or several segments Oestrupia
No prominent siliceous longitudinal ribs on the valve 78
78. Striae made of alveoli, closed or open on the inner
side, closed on the outer side by a porous plate bearing rows of small
poroids; striae appearing solid and structureless in LM 79
Striae otherwise 88
79. Alveoli closed on the inner side of the valve face,
with 1-2 small marginal apertures at the junction between valve face and
mantle; apertures appearing like marginal longitudinal lines crossing the
striae in LM Caloneis (28)
Alveoli open on the inner side of the valve, or closed with more or
less wide apertures appearing in LM as longitudinal bands crossing the
striae 80
80. Central nodule elongated; striae biseriate; areolae
in the form of small slits Brebissonia
Central nodule not markedly elongated; areolae generally in the form
of rounded poroids 81
81. Valves elliptical-lanceolate Pinnunavis
(29)
Valves linear, linear-lanceolate to oblong, never typically elliptical-lanceolate
82.
Pinnularia
82. Transapical striae broad, widely separated from
each other Pinnularia sect. Distantes
Transapical striae not widely separated from each other 83
83. Transapical striae short; axial area broad, to
half the valve width
Pinnularia sect. Brevistriatae
Transapical striae longer; axial area narrower, to 1/3 the valve width
84
84. Striae robust, crossed by two longitudinal lines
(LM) formed by the inner apertures of the partially closed alveolae 85
Striae generally not so strong, not crossed by longitudinal lines 86
85. Raphe appearing as a broad longitudinal band, not
twisted Pinnularia sect. Majores
Raphe branches twisted and more or less complex Pinnularia sect.
Pinnularia
(30)
86. Striae fine, parallel or only slightly radiate;
frustule small Pinnularia sect. Parallelistriatae
Striae generally stronger, not parallel 87
87. Length of the valve generally less than 75 m m;
pole usually capitate; axial area generally narrow Pinnularia sect.
Capitatae
Valves usually larger; poles typically not capitate, but sometimes
rostrate; striae more or less strongly radiate in the middle of the valve,
often convergent near the poles Pinnularia sect. Divergentes
(31)
88. (78) Central nodule a thickened siliceous rib extending
to the margin of the valve on both sides; striae interrupted on the central
nodule 89
Central nodule not reaching the margins of the valve 90
89. Central nodule a " wide thickened silica rib, perpendicular
to the longitudinal axis Stauroneis (32)
Central nodule x-shaped, formed of two oblique silica strips crossing
one another in the middle of the valve; tropical forms Capartogramma(33)
90. Central nodule provided with horn-like appendages;
a longitudinal canal in the valve structure on each side of the raphe Diploneis
Central nodule rounded, elliptic, lanceolate or rectangular, sometimes
very small 91
91. Polar raphe endings forked externally; areolae
of the striae arranged in longitudinal lines near the margin; generally
4 chloroplasts per cell
Neidium
Polar raphe endings not forked 92
93. Polar nodule with a very long helictoglossa which
is not fused to the longitudinal ribs enclosing the raphe; valves broadly
linear, rounded at the poles Vanheurckia (34)
Helictoglossae not very long, fused to the ends of the longitudinal
ribs enclosing the raphe 94
94. Valves narrowly fusiform; central nodule elongated
and proximal ends of the raphe branches widely separated Amphipleura(35)
Valves lanceolate or linear; central nodule not markedly elongated;
proximal ends of the raphe branches not widely separated 95
95. Raphe straight, with outer fissures not reflexed
in the central and terminal areas Frustulia
Raphe more or less curved, with the outer fissures reflexed in the
central and terminal areas Berkella(36)
96. Valves narrowly linear; central nodule elongated;
striae made of one elongated areola on the valve face and of rounded areolae
on the mantle
Krasskella(37)
Central nodule not elongated; striae otherwise 97
97. Small forms, less than 25 m m long and 4 m m wide;
striae made of transversally elongated alveoli, open on the inside, uniseriate
and closed by hymenes outside. Chamaepinnularia (38)
Striae otherwise 98
98. Striae made of transversally elongated areolae,
sometimes arranged in more or less sinuous longitudinal lines 99
Striae made of rounded or longitudinally elongated (sometimes slit-like)
areolae 103
99. Striae interrupted in the middle of the valve,
on each side of the raphe, by more or less developped hyaline areas Anomoeoneis
No such hyaline areas 100
100.Large diatom with coarse ornamentation; central
area transversally elongated, more or less rectangular; raphe branches
sinuous Aneumastus(39)
Smaller diatom with finer ornamentation; central area rounded, elliptical
or indistinct, rarely transversally elongated; raphe branches straight
101
101.Cell united by the valve faces in more or less
long chains Diadesmis(40)
Cells not united in chains 102
102. Outer raphe slit between two longitudinal ribs;
areolae often separated by warts or by sinuous longitudinal ribs Brachysira
(41)
Outer raphe slit without longitudinal ribs; areolae elliptic, provided
with a entrally perforated hymen on the inner side (SEM) Nupela
(42)
103.(98) Valve with a broad hyaline area, sometimes
lyre-shaped, on each side of the axial area; often with one or several
rows of areolae on one or both sides of the axial area Fallacia
(43)
No such broad hyaline areas 104
104.A few striae interrupted near the poles by curved
hyaline lines; separating a few more developped areolae on both sides of
the raphe Geissleria (44)
No curved hyaline lines interrupting the striae near the poles 105
105.Striae arranged in three systems crossing each
other; two oblique and a transversal one Navicula sect. Decussatae
(45)
Striae not arranged in three systems 106
106.Raphe in a siliceous thickening of the valve;
polar nodules thickened, often transversally expanded Sellaphora
(46)
Raphe not in a siliceous thickening of the valve 107
107. Raphe branches ending in fissures deflected on
the same side in the central nodule Muelleria (47)
Raphe branches not terminating in deflected fissures 108
108. Striae lineolate, made of areolae opening in
short longitudinal slits (perpendicular to the stria) 109
Striae punctate, made of more or less rounded areolae or fine structure
indictinct 112
109. Areolae also aligned longitudinally, forming
two systems of striae, crossing each other at 90E 110
Striae radiate in the middle of the valve, not in two systems crossing
each other at 90E 111
110. Central area narrow, stauroid; valves fusiform;
marine taxa sometimes found in inland saline waters Haslea (48)
Central area small, rounded, sometimes indistinct; valves lanceolate
to linear lanceolate, not markedly fusiform Craticula (49)
111. Terminal nodules transversally developped; striae
sometimes made of double rows of areolae Hippodonta (50)
Terminal nodules not transversally developped . Navicula sect.
Navicula
(51)
114. Central area transversally elongated, irregularly
rectangular; one stigma on one side of the central nodule Luticola
(53)
Central area rounded or elliptical, rarely transversally expanded and
then without stigma 115
115. Valves broadly elliptical to almost circular,
widely rounded at the ends; striae strongly radiate, those in the middle
often alternatively shorter and longer; terminal fissures of the raphe
bent in opposite direction at both poles Cavinula (54)
Valves clearly longer than broad 116
116. Generally more than 24 areolae in 10 m m; sometimes
one or several stigma in the central area Placoneis (55)
Generally less than 24 areolae in 10 m m 117
117. Big areolae closed by complex volae; marin or
brackish species
Petroneis (55)
Small round areolae close by hymenes; freshwater and brackish species
Cosmioneis
(55)
118. Numerous girdle-bands conspicuous in girdle view
Navicula
sect. Microstigmaticeae (52)
Girdle-bands less numerous, less conspicuous in girdle view 119
119. Small narrow valves, linear to lanceolate, with
rostrate or capitate poles; striae generally very fine, more than 30 in
10 m m, often not visible in LM Kobayasiella (56)
Valve often small, generally broader; striae variable, sometimes not
visible in LM Navicula sect. Minusculae (57)
123. Cells asymmetrical with regard to the apical
or the transapical axis, Gomphonema- or Cymbella-shaped 124
Cells generally symmetrical, sometimes sigmoid or curved 125
124. Cells strongly dorsiventral, Cymbella-shaped
Cymbellonitzschia
Cells heteropolar, Gomphonema-shaped Gomphonitzschia
125. Cells fusiform, circular in cross section in
the median part, often twisted around the apical axis so that the two raphes
are helicoidally twisted and cross each other several times, but sometimes
only scarcely twisted in the elongated rostra Cylindrotheca (59)
Cells not circular in cross section in the middle, but rectangular
or diamond-shaped 126
126. Both raphes on the same side of the cell in all
cells of a population; cross section rectangular Hantzschia
Raphes on opposite sides of the frustule in at least half the cells
of a population; cross section often diamond-shaped 127
127. Canal raphe in a keel, without fibulae Simonsenia
Fibulae always present, sometimes indistinct in LM 128
128. Valve face undulate 129
Valve face flat Nitzschia
129. Striae interrupted by longitudinal hyaline areas
or by undulation of the valve face; often with warts or ridges on the valve
face externally; striae uni- to multiseriate, made of small poroids Tryblionella
(60)
Stria not interrupted, uniseriate, made of big loculate areolae; valves
often panduriform; marine or brackish Psammodictyon (61)
131. Valve surface marked with several transapical
undulations best seen in girdle view; striae and undulations not interrupted
in the median axis Cymatopleura
Valve surface not transapically undulate or with marginal undulations
interrupted in the axial area 132
132. Valve narrow, elongated, linear, straight or
sigmoid, always isopolar; hyalin axial area narrow, always clearly delimited
Stenopterobia
Valve generally wider, broadly linear, elliptical or ovate, sometimes
heteropolar, never sigmoid but sometimes more or less twisted on the apical
axis 133
133. Valve surface almost flat; ornamentation made
of narrow transapical silica ribs alterning with uniseriate striae; large,
more or less quadrate poroids, closed by a complex cribrum Petrodictyon
(62)
Valve surface transversally undulate, at least at the margins; ornamentation
made of uniseriate or multiseriate striae, without true silica ribs; small
poroids occluded by volae Surirella
(2) Tropical genus, not treated in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991)
(3) Centronella Voigt is classified under Fragilaria by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991: 132, 167).
(4) Including Staurosirella Williams & Round.
(5) For Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991 : 160, 165) Opephora Petit is restricted to the marine and brackish species around O. pacifica (Grunow) Petit and O. olsenii Moeller, whereas the freshwater species O. martyi Héribaud is classified under Fragilaria; this species becomes the type of the new genus Martyana Round in Round et al. (1990: 362, 673).
(6) Semiorbis Patrick was originally described in the Fragilariaceae; since then it has been shown that short raphe slits are present at the poles; therefore the genus is included in the Eunotiaceae by Round et al. (1990: 456) or even merged into the genus Eunotia (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1991: 227). It is called Amphicampa in Rumeau & Coste (1988).
(7) Hannaea Patrick is included in Fragilaria by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991: 134, 167); it is often incorrectly called Ceratoneis Ehrenb.
(8) The genus Synedra Ehr. (1830) is here restricted to the type species S. balthica Ehr. (cf. Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1991: 111); it corresponds with "Catacombas" Williams & Round (1986), nom. illeg. (Round et al. 1990: 378) but not with "Synedra" sensu Round et al. (1990: 370) which is included in Fragilaria by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991: 143) as subgenus Alterasynedra.
(9) Treated as subgenus Cnetophora (Grun.) Lange-Bertalot in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1991.
(10) Treated as subgenus Tabularia (Kütz.) Lange-Bertalot in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1991.
(11) Includes Staurosira Ehr., Staurosirella William & Round and Punctastriata William & Round, all considered as separate genera in Round et al. (1990) but included in Fragilaria subgen. Staurosira in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991) and in Lange-Bertalot (1993).
(12) subgenus Alterasynedra Lange-Bertalot (1993) includes Synedra sensu Williams (1986), non Ehrenberg (see note 8).
(13) Including Fragilariforma (Ralfs) William & Round. For Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991), subgenus Fragilaria also includes Centronella Voigt and Hannaea Patrick, considered as separate genera in Round et al. (1990).
(14) A rudimentary raphe has sometimes been observed on the "rapheless" valve and thus the genus is sometimes included in the Eunotiaceae (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1991: 229).
(15) Included in Achnanthes Ag. by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991: 16) but considered as a separate genus in Round et al. (1990: 514).
(16) Genus recently segregated from Achnanthes Ag. by Round & Bukhtiyarova (1996: 3) for a group of species around A. marginulata Grun.
(17) Genus established by Round & Basson (1997: 77), based on Achnanthes hungarica (Grun.) Grun.
(18) Genus segregated from Achnanthes by Round & Bukhtiyarova (1996: 351) for the group of species around A. lanceolata (Bréb.) Grun.; Achnantheiopsis Lange-Bertalot (1997b: 200) has the same type and is thus an illegitimate synonym.
(19) Treated as a subgenus of Achnanthes Ag. in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991: 2, 6) but as a good genus by Round et al. (1990: 512); includes here Rossithidium Round & Bukhtiyarova (1996), nom. inval., sine typo.
(20) Both Karayevia and Kolbesia Round & Bukhtiyarova (1996) ex Round (1998), proposed for species formerly allotted to Achnanthes sensu lato, were originally invalid names, published without indication of a type; they have been validated by Round (1998: 181).
(21) Formerly called Amphiprora Ehrenberg.
(22) Rhoicosphenia is sometimes included in the Achnanthaceae, owing to the reduction of the raphe system on one of the valves (Patrick & Reimer 1966, Rumeau & Coste 1988).
(23) Reimeria Kociolek & Stoermer (1987) was previously included in Cymbella Ag. (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1986, Rumeau & Coste 1988).
(24) Genera separated from Cymbella and Encyonema by Krammer in his recent revision of the cymbelloid diatoms (1997); these new genera are validly described but their taxonomic treatment should appear in the following volumes of his revision; the lack of a key makes their correct interpretation difficult.
(25) Encyonema Kützing and Cymbopleura (Krammer) Krammer have been considered as subgenera of Cymbella Ag. (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1986); they are treated as genera in the recent revision of Krammer (1997), with a circumscription somewhat different from that of the Süßwasserflora (1986). Encyonema is also recognized as a genus in Round et al (1990); Cymbopleura was only recently validated by Krammer (1999). See also note 24.
(26) For Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986), includes the brackish and marine genus Scoliotropis Cleve; another brackish water genus, Scolioneis D.G. Mann has a similar shape but differs in ultrastructural characters.
(27) Small genus recently described by Lange-Bertalot (1997: 66) for some chain-forming, Fragilaria-like diatoms, characterized by a reduced raphe system near the poles of the valves.
(28) Caloneis is merged in Pinnularia by Round et al. (1990).
(29) Genus not accepted by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986), who classify it in Navicula in spite of the alveolate striae; Krammer (1992) includes the type species in Pinnularia, as P. elegans, without any comment on Pinnunavis.
(30) Often called sect. Complexae; as it includes P. viridis, the type of the genus, its correct name is sect. Pinnularia.
(31) Includes also the group "Tabellariae" of Cleve.
(32) The species showing polar pseudosepta (internal thickenings of the valve margin, near the poles) are sometimes separated in subgenus Pleurastrum (Rumeau & Coste 1980); some brackish and marine species, with central stauros not exactly reaching the valve margin and differently shaped chloroplasts are separated in the genus Staurophora Mereschowsky (Round et al. (1990).
(33) Tropical genus, not treated in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986), sometimes included in Stauroneis.
(34) This monospecific genus seems to be restricted to northern America; it is not treated in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1986; its correct name is Vanheurckia Bréb. (1868), the lectotype of which, V. lewisiana (Grev.) Bréb., is also the only species and thus holotype of the later synonym Frickea Heiden (1906).
(35) According to Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986) also includesKrasskella Ross & Sims and the marine genus Berkeleya Grev.
(36) Genus included in Frustulia Rabenh. by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986: 258, 260) and by Round et al. (1990: 538).
(37) Genus included in Amphipleura by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986: 264).
(38) This genus was introduced by Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin (1996) for species previously included in Navicula or in Pinnularia.
(39) The genus Aneumastus Mann & Stickle was formerly included in Navicula (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1986), sometimes as subgenus Tuscula (Hust.) Patrick (Patrick & Reimer 1966).
(40) Diadesmis Kütz. is included in Navicula sensu lato by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986, Untergruppe Nc) but considered as a good genus by Round et al. (1990: 534).
(41) The freshwater species of Brachysira Kützing were previously included in Anomoeoneis Pfitzer (Patrick & Reimer 1966; Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1986). They are allotted to Brachysira (Round & Mann 1981, Round et al. 1990) though the type species (B. aponina Kütz.) is a marine species.
(42) Genus recently described from Papua New Guinea (Vyverman & Compère 1991) and accepted by Lange-Bertalot (1993, Lange-Bertalot & Moser 1994) who adds several new species and new combinations.
(43) Fallacia Stickle & Mann includes species formerly classified in Navicula subgen. Lyraneis and subgen. Auricula (Patrick & Reimer 1966). The marine species around Navicula lyra Ehr. allotted to the genus Lyrella Karajeva (Round et al. 1990), show the same lyre-shaped area on the valve face.
(44) This new genus, proposed by Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin (1996), agrees with section Annulatae Hustedt (Schlüsselgruppe K in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1986).
(45) These sections are neither treated by Round et al. (1990) nor by subsequent authors; however they are generically different from Navicula sensu stricto and should be considered as separate genera.
(46) Sellaphora Mereschk. was formerly included in Navicula as sect. Bacillares (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1986, Rumeau & Coste 1988) or subgenus Bacillum (Patrick & Reimer 1966); it is recognized as a separate genus in Round et al. (1990).
(47) Muelleria (Frenguelli) Frenguelli was recently resurrected by Spaulding & Stoermer (1997) as a genus name for the group of species formerly allotted to Navicula sect. Fistulatae; however this name could be considered as an orthographic variant and later homonym of Muellera L. f. 1782 (Code, art. 53.3)
(48) Haslea Simonsen is included in Navicula, as sect. Fusiformes by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986).
(49) Craticula Grun. was formerly treated as sect. Orthostichae (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1986, Rumeau & Coste 1988) or subgen. Cuspidata and Halophila (Patrick & Reimer 1966) of Navicula.
(50) Hippodonta Lange-Bertalot et al. (1996) was erected for the group of species around N. capitata Ehrenb. The type and most of the species have lineolate areolae, but some have the striae made of double rows of puncta.
(51) For Round et al. (1990), and most subsequent authors (e.g. Lange-Bertalot 1993, 1994, etc.) Navicula is restricted to sect. Lineolatae of former authors (= subgen. Navicula in Patrick & Reimer 1966).
(52) Some of the fresh and brackish water species allotted to sect. Microstigmaticae by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986) are now classified in the separate genera Parlibellus Cox or Proschkinia Karajeva (Round et al. 1990); for other species it is not clear to which new genus they should be allotted, since they are not treated by Round et al. (1990). Several species included in sect. Microstigmaticae are treated in subgen. Decipientes by Patrick & Reimer (1966).
(53) Luticola D.G. Mann includes the group of species around Navicula mutica, previously allotted to Navicula sect. Punctatae, already distinguished as a special group (Schlüsselgruppe E) in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1988) and Rumeau & Coste (1988).
(54) Cavinula Mann & Stickle includes the species around Navicula pseudoscutiformis formerly included in sect. Punctatae and also recognized as a special group (Schlüsselgruppe F) by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986).
(55) The new genera Cosmioneis Mann & Stickle and Petroneis Stickle & Mann. as well as Placoneis Meresch., Cavinula and Luticola include species formerly allotted to Navicula sect. Punctatae (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1986) or to Navicula subgen. Punctulata (Patrick & Reimer 1966). It is not always easy to allot to the correct genus species of this group not treated in Round et al. (1990) or in other recent revisions.
(56) This small group agrees with Navicula sect. Subtilissimae; it is quite different from Navicula sensu stricto but had not been treated by Round et al. (1990). It has been raised to genus and named Kobayasia by Lange-Bertalot (1996); however, the name Kobayasia Lange-Bertalot is a later homonym of Kobayasia Imai & Kawam. (Basidiomycetes) and Lange-Bertalot (1999) renamed this genus Kobayasiella.
(57) This group remains very heterogenous; in Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986) it was divided into six subgroups, one of which ("Untergruppe Nc", p. 219) clearly corresponding to the genus Diadesmis Kütz. sensu Round et al. 1990; some of the other subgroups could also be recognized as separate genera, like Mayamaea Lange-Bertalot based on Navicula atomus (Kütz.) Grun. or Fistulifera Lange-Bertalot based on Navicula saprophila Lange-Bertalot & Bonik. Both these genera were recently erected by Lange-Bertalot (1997a) but their circumscription does not match that of the corresponding subgroups in the Süßwasserflora (1986). Naviculadicta Lange-Bertalot (1994) also includes species currently allotted to sect. Minusculae together with species from other groups or sections; the use of this catch-all genus intended as a substitute for Navicula sensu lato (for species not yet allotted to one of the numerous smaller genera recently segregated from Navicula) is not recommended (see Kociolek 1996).
(58) Denticula Kützing is allotted to the Bacillariaceae by Round et al. (1990).
(59) Cylindrotheca as revised by Reimann & Lewin (1964) also includes the brackish water species generally called Nitzschia closterium; the genus is characterized by the fusiform body of the cell, circular in cross section whereas in typical Nitzchia it is rectangular to diamond-shaped in cross-section.
(60) Tryblionella W. Smith was revived by Round et al. (1990) as a genus including the former sect. Tryblionella, Circumscutae, Apiculatae and Pseudotryblionella of Nitzschia.
(61) Psammodictyon D.G. Mann in Round et al. (1990) is a rather small marine genus, with a few species also in brackish water, including the species formerly classified in Nitzschia sect. Panduriformes.
(62) Petrodictyon D.G. Mann in Round et al.
(1990) was erected for a small group of marine and brackish species formerly
included in Surirella, around S. gemma Ehrenb.
Cox E.J., 1996. - Identification of freshwater diatoms from live material: IX+158 p. London, Chapman & Hall.
Kociolek J.P., 1996. - Comment: Taxonomic instability and the creation of Naviculadicta Lange Bertalot in Lange-Bertalot & Moser, a new catch-all genus of Diatoms. Diatom Research 11: 219-222.
Krammer K., 1992. - Pinnularia, eine Monographie der europäischen Taxa. Biblioth. Diatom. 26: 1-353
Krammer K., 1997. - Die cymbelloiden Diatomeen, eine Monographie der weltweit bekannten Taxa. Teil 1. Allgemeines und Encyonema Part. Biblioth. Diatom. 36: 1-382.
Krammer K., 1999. - Validierung von Cymbopleura nov. gen. Iconogr. Diatom. 6: 292.
Lange-Bertalot H., 1994.- Brachysira, Monographie der Gattung. Biblioth. Diatom. 29: 1-212.
Lange-Bertalot H., 1996. - Kobayasia bicuneus gen. et spec. nov. Iconogr. Diatom. 4: 277-287.
Lange-Bertalot H., 1997a. - Frankophila, Mayamaea and Fistulifera : drei neue Gattungen der Klasse Bacillariophyceae. Arch. Protistenk.148: 65-76.
Lange-Bertalot H., 1997b. - Zur Revision der Gattung Achnanthes sensu lato (Bacillariophyceae): Achnantheiopsis, eine neue Gattung mit dem Typus generis A. lanceolata. Arch. Protistenk. 148: 199-208.
Lange-Bertalot H., 1999. - Kobayasiella nom. nov. ein neuer Gattungsname für Kobayasia Lange-Bertalot 1996. Iconogr. Diatom.6: 272-275.
Lange-Bertalot H. & Metzeltin D., 1996. - Oligotrophie-Indikatoren, 800 Taxa repräsentativ für drei diverse Seen-Typen. Iconogr. Diatom. 2: 1-390.
Lange-Bertalot H., Metzeltin D. & Witkowski A., 1996. - Hippodonta gen. nov. Umschreibung und Begründung einer neuen Gattung der Naviculaceae. Iconogr. Diatom. 4: 247-275.
Patrick R. & Reimer C.W., 1966-1975. - The diatoms of the United States. Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia13 (1): XI + 688 p. (1966); (2/1): IX + 213 p. (1975).
Reimann B.E.F. & Lewin J.C., 1964. - The diatom genus Cylindrotheca Rabh. Journ. Roy. Microsc. Soc. 83 (3): 283-296).
Round F.E. & Basson P.W., 1997. - A new monoraphid diatom genus (Pogoneis) from Bahrain and the transfer of previously described species A. hungarica and A. taeniata to new genera. Diatom Research 12: 71-81.
Round F.E. & Bukhtiyarova L., 1996. - Four new genera based on Achnanthes (Achnanthidium) together with a re-definition of Achnanthidium. Diatom Research 11 (2): 345-361.
Round F.E. & Mann D.G., 1981. - The diatom genus Brachysira. I. Typification and separation from Anomoeoneis. Arch. Protistenk.124: 221-231.
Round F.E., Crawford R.M. & Mann D.G., 1990. - The diatoms. Biology and morphology of the genera : 747 p. Cambridge University Press.
Rumeau A. & Coste M., 1988. - Initiation à la systématique des diatomées d'eau douce. Bull. Fr. Pêche Piscic.309 : 1-69.
Spaulding S.A. & Stoermer E.F., 1997. - Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Muelleria Frenguelli. Diatom Research 12: 95-115.
Vyverman W. & Compère P., 1991. - Nupela giluwensis gen. et spec. nov. A new genus of naviculoid diatoms. Diatom Research6: 175-179.
Williams D.M., 1986. - Comparative morphology of some species of Synedra Ehrenb. with a new definition of the genus. Diatom Research 1: 131-152.
Williams D.M. & Round F.E., 1986. - Revision of the genus Synedra
Ehrenb. Diatom Research 1: 313-339.
The number(s) after each name refer(s) to the corresponding entry
of the key; numbers between ( ) refer to the notes following the key.
Acanthoceras 15
Achnantheiopsis (18)
Achnanthes 41
Achnanthidium 46, (19)
Actinella 38
Actinocyclus 9
Amphicampa (6)
Amphipleura 94, (35)
Amphiprora (21)
Amphora 59, 60
Amphora subg. Halamphora 61
Amphora subg. Oxyamphora 61
Aneumastus 100, (39)
Anomoeoneis 99
Asterionella 28
Aulacoseira 7
Bacillaria 122
Berkeleya (35)
Berkella 95, (36)
Brachysira 102, 41
Brebissonia 80
Caloneis 79, (28)
Campylodiscus 130
Capartogramma 89, (33)
Catacombas (8)
Cavinula 115, (54)
Centronella 26, (3)
Ceratoneis (7)
Chaetoceros 17
Chamaepinnularia 97, (38)
Cocconeis 40
Cosmioneis 117, (55)
Craticula 110, (49)
Ctenophora 34, (9)
Cyclotella 13
Cyclostephanos 10
Cylindrotheca 125, (59)
Cymatopleura 131
Cymbella 68, (24, 25)
Cymbellonitzschia 124
Cymbellopsis 67, (24)
Cymbopleura 68, (25)
Denticula 120, (58)
Diadesmis 76, 101, (40)
Diatoma 24
Diatomella 70
Didymosphaenia 58
Diploneis 90
Ellerbeckia 6
Encyonema 66, (25)
Encyonopsis 67, (24)
Entomoneis 51, 73, (21)
Epithemia 121
Eucocconeis 42, (15)
Eunotia 38
Fallacia 103, (43)
Fistulifera (57)
Fragilaria 36, (13)
Fragilaria subg. Alterasynedra 36, (12)
Fragilariforma (13)
Frankophila 76, 27
Frickea (34)
Frustulia 95
Geissleria 104, (44)
Gomphocymbella 53
Gomphoneis 57
Gomphonema 58
Gomphonitzschia 124
Gyrosigma 74
Hannaea 31, (7)
Hantzschia 126
Haslea 118, (48)
Hippodonta 111, (50)
Hydrosera 16, (2)
Karayevia 47, (20)
Kobayasia (56)
Kobayasiella 119, (56)
Kolbesia 47, (20)
Krasskella 96, (37)
Lemnicola 45, (17)
Luticola 114, (53)
Lyrella (43)
Martyana 28, (5)
Mastogloia 70
Mayamaea (57)
Melosira 7
Meridion 24
Muelleria 107, (47)
Navicella 64, (24)
Navicula 111, (51, 57)
Navicula subg. Auricula (43)
Navicula subg. Bacillum (46)
Navicula subg. Cuspidata (49)
Navicula subg. Decipientes (52)
Navicula subg. Halophila (49)
Navicula subg. Lyraneis (43)
Navicula subg. Punctulata (55)
Navicula sect. Annulatae (44)
Navicula sect. Bacillares (46)
Navicula sect. Decussatae 105, (45)
Navicula sect. Fistulatae (47)
Navicula sect. Fusiformes (48)
Navicula sect. Lineolatae (51)
Navicula sect. Microstigmaticae 113, 118, (52)
Navicula sect. Minusculae 119, (57)
Navicula sect. Orthostichae (49)
Navicula sect. Punctatae (53, 54, 55)
Navicula sect. Subtilissimae (56)
Naviculadicta (57)
Neidium 91
Nitzschia 128, (59, 60, 61)
Nupela 77, 102, (42)
Oestrupia 77
Opephora (5)
Orthoseira 6
Parlibellus (52)
Peronia 39, 56, (14)
Petrodictyon 133, (62)
Petroneis 117, (55)
Pinnularia 82, 85, (28, 29, 30)
Pinnularia sect. Brevistriatae 83
Pinnularia sect. Capitatae 87
Pinnularia sect. Complexae (30)
Pinnularia sect. Distantes 82
Pinnularia sect. Divergentes 87, (31)
Pinnularia sect. Majores 85
Pinnularia sect. Parallelistriatae 86
Pinnunavis 81, (29)
Placoneis 116, (55)
Plagiotropis 75
Planothidium 45, (18)
Pleurastrum (32)
Pleurosigma 74
Pleurosira 8
Proschkinia (52)
Psammodictyon 127, (61)
Psammothidium 43, (16)
Pseudencyonema 65, (24)
Punctastriata (11)
Reimeria 62, (23)
Rhizosolenia (1)
Rhoicosphenia 56, (22)
Rhopalodia 121
Rossithidium (19)
Scolioneis (26)
Scoliopleura 73, (26)
Scoliotropis (26)
Sellaphora 106, (46)
Semiorbis 30, 37, (6)
Simonsenia 127
Skeletonema 4
Stauroneis 89, (32)
Stauroneis subgen. Pleurastrum (32)
Staurophora (32)
Staurosira 35, (11)
Staurosirella (4, 11)
Stenopterobia 132
Stephanocostis 12
Stephanodiscus 13
Surirella 133, (62)
Synedra 32, (8)
Tabellaria 22
Tabularia 34, (10)
Terpsinoe 17, (2)
Tetracyclus 22
Thalassiosira 11
Tryblionella 127, (60)
Urosolenia 15, (1)
Vanheurckia 93, (34)